New token types – everything you need to know about them

Maciej Zieliński

02 Feb 2021
New token types – everything you need to know about them

Which tokens are the most popular? What new token types are worth watching in 2021? 

Although cryptographic tokens are created from just a few lines of code, the potential they hold is gigantic. We are already using them today to create digital equivalents of real assets such as shares and real estate or to create innovative product tracking systems in the supply chain. And as digitisation continues, the list of their applications continues to grow.

Currently, the most popular type of token is created in Ethereum ERC-20. However, the continuous development of Blockchain technology in recent years has resulted in the creation of numerous alternatives. New types of tokens are characterised by innovative technological solutions and adaptation to specific business needs. Which of them are particularly worth taking interest in?

Types of tokens 

To better understand the possibilities of this technology, it is worth taking a closer look at its types. Among the many ways to distinguish tokens, the most basic is the division into fungible tokens and non-fungible tokens.):

Fungible tokens 

They make up the vast majority of all tokens. The term fungible means that a single token is indistinguishable from other tokens in the same blockchain ecosystem. This allows it to find uses as a cryptocurrency, credit or exchange of value. A great example of such a token is the well-known Bitcoin: no Bitcoin is more valuable or scarcer than another. If it were otherwise, their free exchange would not be possible, which would disrupt the entire system. 

Convertible tokens are analogous to conventional currencies in this respect: all euros, zlotys, or dollars have exactly the same value. It is precisely the fungibility that makes them useful. Thanks to it we do not have to individually estimate the value of each zloty during a transaction. 

There are 3 categories of fungible tokens:

Payment:

Bitcoin, Litcoin or Dash - this is what they are. Convertible payment tokens were created to be used for transactions between parties instead of or alongside fiat currencies. Their value is determined by the number of people who wish to use them and the number of merchants.

Utility Tokens:

These tokens work in exactly the same way as tokens in an arcade. You exchange tokens for the entertainment available there, but you can use tokens to access services, products or other value on the platform they power.  

The most common example of such a token is Ether. ETH is used to pay for the execution of smart contracts on the Ethereum network. Of course, Ether can be used to make other payments as well, but powering contracts, dapps and DAOs is its primary purpose. 

It is Utility tokens that are used during ICOs, where they serve as a tool to raise funds for the creation of a project in which they can later be used. 

Security tokens

Security tokens are primarily distinguished from Utility tokens by securing the value of the former in real assets. By buying Utility tokens we can of course earn from the increase in their value, but in reality we own nothing - they are worth what the market pays for them and can always fall to zero.

Such tokens are the digital equivalent of real assets. Primarily stocks, bonds and real estate. It is these that are issued during STO and it is these that allow for the tokenisation of precious metalsor luxury cars

New token types

Non-fungible tokens

In opposition to fungible tokens are non-fungible tokens. Non-exchangeability in their case means that each token in a given system is unique. Such tokens have no standard value and often do not allow equivalent exchange of one for another. Each token represents different, unique ownership or identity information. The primary uses of non-fungible tokens are:

Certification 

This is potentially the most important application of this type of token. A token can be used to prove the origin of a document, a piece of data or any physical object in the real world. And because such tokens cannot be duplicated and the information they contain cannot be manipulated, we can be sure that such a token - a certificate of authenticity - will never be counterfeited. 

Securing the authenticity of works of art, luxury fashion or exotic cars - the possibilities of such tokens go much further. If land records were transferred to the blockchain, ownership would just be a matter of having a token corresponding to the property. The same goes for resource extraction rights, or water rights. Non-fungeable tokens have countless potential applications wherever certification of ownership is important. 

 Identity of the things

Like people, products, machines and raw materials can also have a digital identity.  IDoT is a key component of blockchain-based supply chains and IoT applications. 

For example, by assigning unique tokens to products, it becomes possible to trace their entire journey in the supply chain - from raw material extraction to production to sale to retail customers. This not only makes it possible to secure their origin, but also to control transport conditions, especially important in industries such as food. If a spoiled chicken ends up in a supermarket, tokens make it easy to determine at which point in the chain the problem occurred and which party is responsible..  

New token types

What new types of tokens can be used in your project?

  • ERC-721
  • ERC-223
  • ERC- 777
  • ERC-1155 
  • FabToken

ERC-721

The most important advantage of the ERC-721 standard is the ease of creating unalterable tokens. Introduced in 2018, it finds its use wherever distinguishable assets need to be tracked. 

This type of token has gained buzz with the rise in popularity of Ethereum-based collectible game CryptoKitties.

New token types
Source: CoinMetrics Blog

ERC-223

This token is intended to solve the UX shortcomings of other ERC tokens. Occasionally a user will send the token to the wrong wallet address or worse, a smart contract, thus losing it forever. This feature of other standards can effectively deter less familiar users and limit the widespread adoption of a solution. 

ERC-223 solves this problem by alerting users who accidentally send tokens to a smart contract address and cancelling the transaction. 

ERC- 777

The aim of implementing ERC-777 was to improve on the basic ERC-20 standard. What makes it unique is that it introduces a wide range of transaction handling mechanisms while being backwards compatible with ERC-20. 

Among other things, the standard allows for the definition of operators to send tokens on behalf of a given user and gives holders far greater control over their tokens. One of its most innovative features is the option to mint or burn tokens. It also has the potential to significantly simplify token transfers compared to other standards. 

ERC-1155 

ERC-1155 is a multi token standard. This means that it allows any combination of fungible and non-exchangeable tokens to be managed under a single contract, including the transfer of multiple token types simultaneously.

FabToken

Unlike ERC standard tokens, which are created using the Ethereum protocol, FabToken runs on the Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain. 

This system provides a simple interface to tokenise resources on the Fabric protocol, using the security and validation mechanisms that the Fabric protocol provides. Importantly, users do not need to use smart contracts to create or manage tokens. Tokens can establish immutability and ownership of a resource without requiring the user to write and validate complex business logic. Owners can use trusted partners to execute and validate transactions, without having to rely on partners from other organisations. 

Want to know which token will best suit your project needs? Our experts will be happy to answer all your tokenization questions!

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What is Berachain? 🐻 ⛓️ + Proof-of-Liquidity Explained

Karolina

18 Mar 2024
What is Berachain? 🐻 ⛓️ + Proof-of-Liquidity Explained

Enter Berachain: a high-performance, EVM-compatible blockchain that is set to redefine the landscape of decentralized applications (dApps) and blockchain services. Built on the innovative Proof-of-Liquidity consensus and leveraging the robust Polaris framework alongside the CometBFT consensus engine, Berachain is poised to offer an unprecedented blend of efficiency, security, and user-centric benefits. Let's dive into what makes it a groundbreaking development in the blockchain ecosystem.

What is Berachain?

Overview

Berachain is an EVM-compatible Layer 1 (L1) blockchain that stands out through its adoption of the Proof-of-Liquidity (PoL) consensus mechanism. Designed to address the critical challenges faced by decentralized networks. It introduces a cutting-edge approach to blockchain governance and operations.

Key Features

  • High-performance Capabilities. Berachain is engineered for speed and scalability, catering to the growing demand for efficient blockchain solutions.
  • EVM Compatibility. It supports all Ethereum tooling, operations, and smart contract languages, making it a seamless transition for developers and projects from the Ethereum ecosystem.
  • Proof-of-Liquidity.This novel consensus mechanism focuses on building liquidity, decentralizing stake, and aligning the interests of validators and protocol developers.

MUST READ: Docs

EVM-Compatible vs EVM-Equivalent

EVM-Compatible

EVM compatibility means a blockchain can interact with Ethereum's ecosystem to some extent. It can interact supporting its smart contracts and tools but not replicating the entire EVM environment.

EVM-Equivalent

An EVM-equivalent blockchain, on the other hand, aims to fully replicate Ethereum's environment. It ensures complete compatibility and a smooth transition for developers and users alike.

Berachain's Position

Berachain can be considered an "EVM-equivalent-plus" blockchain. It supports all Ethereum operations, tooling, and additional functionalities that optimize for its unique Proof-of-Liquidity and abstracted use cases.

Berachain Modular First Approach

At the heart of Berachain's development philosophy is the Polaris EVM framework. It's a testament to the blockchain's commitment to modularity and flexibility. This approach allows for the easy separation of the EVM runtime layer, ensuring that Berachain can adapt and evolve without compromising on performance or security.

Proof Of Liquidity Overview

High-Level Model Objectives

  • Systemically Build Liquidity. By enhancing trading efficiency, price stability, and network growth, Berachain aims to foster a thriving ecosystem of decentralized applications.
  • Solve Stake Centralization. The PoL consensus works to distribute stake more evenly across the network, preventing monopolization and ensuring a decentralized, secure blockchain.
  • Align Protocols and Validators. Berachain encourages a symbiotic relationship between validators and the broader protocol ecosystem.

Proof-of-Liquidity vs Proof-of-Stake

Unlike traditional Proof of Stake (PoS), which often leads to stake centralization and reduced liquidity, Proof of Liquidity (PoL) introduces mechanisms to incentivize liquidity provision and ensure a fairer, more decentralized network. Berachain separates the governance token (BGT) from the chain's gas token (BERA) and incentives liquidity through BEX pools. Berachain's PoL aims to overcome the limitations of PoS, fostering a more secure and user-centric blockchain.

Berachain EVM and Modular Approach

Polaris EVM

Polaris EVM is the cornerstone of Berachain's EVM compatibility, offering developers an enhanced environment for smart contract execution that includes stateful precompiles and custom modules. This framework ensures that Berachain not only meets but exceeds the capabilities of the traditional Ethereum Virtual Machine.

CometBFT

The CometBFT consensus engine underpins Berachain's network, providing a secure and efficient mechanism for transaction verification and block production. By leveraging the principles of Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT), CometBFT ensures the integrity and resilience of the Berachain blockchain.

Conclusion

Berachain represents a significant leap forward in blockchain technology, combining the best of Ethereum's ecosystem with innovative consensus mechanisms and a modular development approach. As the blockchain landscape continues to evolve, Berachain stands out as a promising platform for developers, users, and validators alike, offering a scalable, efficient, and inclusive environment for decentralized applications and services.

Resources

For those interested in exploring further, a wealth of resources is available, including the Berachain documentation, GitHub repository, and community forums. It offers a compelling vision for the future of blockchain technology, marked by efficiency, security, and community-driven innovation.

FAQ

How is Berachain different?

  • It integrates Proof-of-Liquidity to address stake centralization and enhance liquidity, setting it apart from other blockchains.

Is Berachain EVM-compatible?

  • Yes, it supports Ethereum's tooling and smart contract languages, facilitating easy migration of dApps.

Can it handle high transaction volumes?

  • Yes, thanks to the Polaris framework and CometBFT consensus engine, it's built for scalability and high throughput.

Different Token Release Schedules

Kajetan Olas

15 Mar 2024
Different Token Release Schedules

As simple as it may sound, the decision on the release schedule of tokens is anything but that. It's a strategic choice that can have significant consequences. A well-thought-out token release schedule can prevent market flooding, encourage steady growth, and foster trust in the project. Conversely, a poorly designed schedule may lead to rapid devaluation or loss of investor confidence.

In this article, we will explore the various token release schedules that blockchain projects may adopt. Each type comes with its own set of characteristics, challenges, and strategic benefits. From the straightforwardness of linear schedules to the incentive-driven dynamic releases, understanding these mechanisms is crucial for all crypto founders.

Linear Token Release Schedule

The linear token release schedule is perhaps the most straightforward approach to token distribution. As the name suggests, tokens are released at a constant rate over a specified period until all tokens are fully vested. This approach is favored for its simplicity and ease of understanding, which can be an attractive feature for investors and project teams alike.

Characteristics

  • Predictability: The linear model provides a clear and predictable schedule that stakeholders can rely on. This transparency is often appreciated as it removes any uncertainty regarding when tokens will be available.
  • Implementation Simplicity: With no complex rules or conditions, a linear release schedule is relatively easy to implement and manage. It avoids the need for intricate smart contract programming or ongoing adjustments.
  • Neutral Incentives: There is no explicit incentive for early investment or late participation. Each stakeholder is treated equally, regardless of when they enter the project. This can be perceived as a fair distribution method, as it does not disproportionately reward any particular group.

Implications

  • Capital Dilution Risk: Since tokens are released continuously at the same rate, there's a potential risk that the influx of new tokens into the market could dilute the value, particularly if demand doesn't keep pace with the supply.
  • Attracting Continuous Capital Inflow: A linear schedule may face challenges in attracting new investors over time. Without the incentive of increasing rewards or scarcity over time, sustaining investor interest solely based on project performance can be a test of the project's inherent value and market demand.
  • Neutral Impact on Project Commitment: The lack of timing-based incentives means that commitment to the project may not be influenced by the release schedule. The focus is instead placed on the project's progress and delivery on its roadmap.

In summary, a linear token release schedule offers a no-frills, equal-footing approach to token distribution. While its simplicity is a strength, it can also be a limitation, lacking the strategic incentives that other models offer. In the next sections, we will compare this to other, more dynamic schedules that aim to provide additional strategic advantages.

Growing Token Release Schedule

A growing token release schedule turns the dial up on token distribution as time progresses. This schedule is designed to increase the number of tokens released to the market or to stakeholders with each passing period. This approach can often be associated with incentivizing the sustained growth of the project by rewarding long-term holders.

Characteristics

  • Incentivized Patience: A growing token release schedule encourages stakeholders to remain invested in the project for longer periods, as the reward increases over time. This can be particularly appealing to long-term investors who are looking to maximize their gains.
  • Community Reaction: Such a schedule may draw criticism from those who prefer immediate, high rewards and may be viewed as unfairly penalizing early adopters who receive fewer tokens compared to those who join later. The challenge is to balance the narrative to maintain community support.
  • Delayed Advantage: There is a delayed gratification aspect to this schedule. Early investors might not see an immediate substantial benefit, but they are part of a strategy that aims to increase value over time, aligning with the project’s growth.

Implications

  • Sustained Capital Inflow: By offering higher rewards later, a project can potentially sustain and even increase its capital inflow as the project matures. This can be especially useful in supporting long-term development and operational goals.
  • Potential for Late-Stage Interest: As the reward for holding tokens grows over time, it may attract new investors down the line, drawn by the prospect of higher yields. This can help to maintain a steady interest in the project throughout its lifecycle.
  • Balancing Perception and Reality: Managing the community's expectations is vital. The notion that early participants are at a disadvantage must be addressed through clear communication about the long-term vision and benefits.

In contrast to a linear schedule, a growing token release schedule adds a strategic twist that favors the longevity of stakeholder engagement. It's a model that can create a solid foundation for future growth but requires careful communication and management to keep stakeholders satisfied. Up next, we will look at the shrinking token release schedule, which applies an opposite approach to distribution.

Shrinking Token Release Schedule

The shrinking token release schedule is characterized by a decrease in the number of tokens released as time goes on. This type of schedule is intended to create a sense of urgency and reward early participants with higher initial payouts.

Characteristics

  • Early Bird Incentives: The shrinking schedule is crafted to reward the earliest adopters the most, offering them a larger share of tokens initially. This creates a compelling case for getting involved early in the project's lifecycle.
  • Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): This approach capitalizes on the FOMO effect, incentivizing potential investors to buy in early to maximize their rewards before the release rate decreases.
  • Decreased Inflation Over Time: As fewer tokens are released into circulation later on, the potential inflationary pressure on the token's value is reduced. This can be an attractive feature for investors concerned about long-term value erosion.

Implications

  • Stimulating Early Adoption: By offering more tokens earlier, projects may see a surge in initial capital inflow, providing the necessary funds to kickstart development and fuel early-stage growth.
  • Risk of Decreased Late-Stage Incentives: As the reward diminishes over time, there's a risk that new investors may be less inclined to participate, potentially impacting the project's ability to attract capital in its later stages.
  • Market Perception and Price Dynamics: The market must understand that the shrinking release rate is a deliberate strategy to encourage early investment and sustain the token's value over time. However, this can lead to challenges in maintaining interest as the release rate slows, requiring additional value propositions.

A shrinking token release schedule offers an interesting dynamic for projects seeking to capitalize on early market excitement. While it can generate significant early support, the challenge lies in maintaining momentum as the reward potential decreases. This necessitates a robust project foundation and continued delivery of milestones to retain stakeholder interest.

Dynamic Token Release Schedule

A dynamic token release schedule represents a flexible and adaptive approach to token distribution. Unlike static models, this schedule can adjust the rate of token release based on specific criteria. Example criteria are: project’s milestones, market conditions, or the behavior of token holders. This responsiveness is designed to offer a balanced strategy that can react to the project's needs in real-time.

Characteristics

  • Adaptability: The most significant advantage of a dynamic schedule is its ability to adapt to changing circumstances. This can include varying the release rate to match market demand, project development stages, or other critical factors.
  • Risk Management: By adjusting the flow of tokens in response to market conditions, a dynamic schedule can help mitigate certain risks. For example: inflation, token price volatility, and the impact of market manipulation.
  • Stakeholder Alignment: This schedule can be structured to align incentives with the project's goals. This means rewarding behaviors that contribute to project's longevity, such as holding tokens for certain periods or participating in governance.

Implications

  • Balancing Supply and Demand: A dynamic token release can fine-tune the supply to match demand, aiming to stabilize the token price. This can be particularly effective in avoiding the boom-and-bust cycles that plague many cryptocurrency projects.
  • Investor Engagement: The flexibility of a dynamic schedule keeps investors engaged, as the potential for reward can change in line with project milestones and success markers, maintaining a sense of involvement and investment in the project’s progression.
  • Complexity and Communication: The intricate nature of a dynamic schedule requires clear and transparent communication with stakeholders to ensure understanding of the system. The complexity also demands robust technical implementation to execute the varying release strategies effectively.

Dynamic token release schedule is a sophisticated tool that, when used judiciously, offers great flexibility in navigating unpredictable crypto markets. It requires a careful balance of anticipation, reaction, and communication but also gives opportunity to foster project’s growth.

Conclusion

A linear token release schedule is the epitome of simplicity and fairness, offering a steady and predictable path. The growing schedule promotes long-term investment and project loyalty, potentially leading to sustained growth. In contrast, the shrinking schedule seeks to capitalize on the enthusiasm of early adopters, fostering a vibrant initial ecosystem. Lastly, the dynamic schedule stands out for its intelligent adaptability, aiming to strike a balance between various stakeholder interests and market forces.

The choice of token release schedule should not be made in isolation; it must consider the project's goals, the nature of its community, the volatility of the market, and the overarching vision of the creators.

FAQ

What are the different token release schedules?

  • Linear, growing, shrinking, and dynamic schedules.

How does a linear token release schedule work?

  • Releases tokens at a constant rate over a specified period.

What is the goal of a shrinking token release schedule?

  • Rewards early adopters with more tokens and decreases over time.