What is staking and how does it work?

Maciej Zieliński

23 Mar 2022
What is staking and how does it work?

Many people see staking as an alternative to mining which requires technical knowledge. It is an activity where you don't have to own and look after complex equipment, but only store funds in a specific cryptocurrency wallet. This ensures the safety and smooth operation of a given blockchain network. Staking crypto is to put it simply, blocking cryptocurrencies, in order to receive awards and many benefits in the form of units of a given cryptocurrency. Most projects allow for staking of digital assets directly from a cryptocurrency portfolio. There are also exchanges that provide a staking service to users as part of their business offer. One such exchange is, for example, Binance. In order to fully understand staking wee need to understand how Proof of Stake (PoS) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) work.

What is Proof of Stake system (PoS)?

The Proof of Stake systemand staking crypto is a consensus mechanism which allows blockchains to save energy while maintaining proper decentralization. This consensus mechanism is designed to address the vulnerabilities and problems that exist in the Bitcoin network algorithm.

In the Bitcoin network, miners compete for who will be the fastest to solve a mathematical puzzle. The entity that is able to do so in the shortest time adds the block and receives remuneration in the form of BTC. The problem itself is related to the multiplicity of arbitrary calculations and the electricity required to do this, which is considered to be a major cost-negative.

It is worth stressing that there is a way to maintain network decentralization without incurring the high computing costs connected with solving puzzles. The solution is the Proof Stake, whose primary purpose is to validate blocks and use an "internal" investment (own cryptocurrency) instead of "external" investments (energy, crypto mining machines). Network users may “block” their coins. Afterwards, at different intervals, the protocol randomly assigns the right to approve the block to one of the users. The chance to be chosen doesn't depend on who creates a block or how quickly puzzles are solved. However, it depends on how many coins we are blocking. That is, the more wecapital we devote to this, the higher the chance we will be chosen. Another benefit of POS is that attacking a blockchain network is much more expensive because an effective attack would require owning at least 51% of all existing cryptocurrencies of a given blockchain. Of course, the cheaper and more accessible a given cryptocurrency is, the easier such an attack becomes. Hacking also has a greater impact on PoS management models than on PoW (proof of work). When a given network is hacked, miners lose more than just their cryptocurrency; they lose their place on the platform. This is a major problem that has led to the creation of the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS).

What is Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)?

Proof of Stake model also has an alternative option that was created in 2014 by Daniel Larimer. The method is referred to as Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS). It was first tested as part of the BitShares blockchain, but shortly thereafter other networks started using this model as well.

DPoS

The DPoS activity can be compared to shares held in a company. This method allows users to treat their cryptocurrency as votes whose force is proportional to their number. These votes are used to select delegates whose jobis to manage a blockchain on behalf of their constituents, which ensures consensus and security.

The strength of each stakeholder (cryptocurrency owner) is determined by the amount of cryptocurrency held. The advantage of the DPoS is, for example, that consensus can be reached with a small number of validation nodes. This improves overall network performance.

How does crypto staking work?

How does crypto staking works? Remember that the Proof of Stake model (PoS) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) algorithms require staking to function properly. Participants who block larger amounts increase the likelihood that they will be selected as the next validator in the block. This behavior allows blocks to be produced without the need for complex and expensive mining equipment, such as the ASIC system.

It should be noted that mining cryptocurrencies by means of ASIC systems requires large investments in equipment and that staking has only one requirement, which is investing in a given cryptocurrency and freezing one’s capital. Staking may at first glance remind you of depositing money in a bank, but in this case, frozen assets ensure that the blockchain network functions properly and interest is calculated in cryptocurrencies.

In addition, you should be aware that every PoS blockchain has a specific staking currency. There are networks that use a two-token system where prizes are paid out using a separate token (for example, you are freezing cryptocurrency "x", receiving the cryptocurrency "y" as a prize).

Staking rewards

How are rewards for cryptocurrency staking calculated? Several elements need to be analyzed in order to answer this question. Remember that a blockchain network is not uniform and therefore each part of it can use different methods for calculating rewards. Individual projects offer a variety of rewards. The factors that influence the rewards for staking are:

  • Time of active staking by validator
  • Amount of „frozen” coins
  • Inflation rate of assets
  • Total number of coins staked in the network

Interestingly, some networks reward staking using percentages. Such awards are given to validators as a form of compensation for inflation, which in turn encourages network users to spend coins rather than to store them. How much can You earn from this?

For example, staking of LUNA cryptocurrency offered users only 1,5% per year, and the pledged assets are subject to a 21-day unlock period. Another project that has generated greater interest was Cosmos (ATOM), which offered an annual return on investment of around 8%.

What is a staking pool?

The staking pool is a place where a group of individuals who possess given cryptocurrencies combine them with others to maximize the odds of being selected to review blocks and receive rewards funds (crypto holdings). Simply put, the staking pools are a place where group staking takes place. By combining stakes, users of a staking pool share rewards in proportion to their contribution.

Staking Pool

Both knowledge and time are necessary to create and maintain a staking pool. Such mining pools are most effective in networks where the entry threshold is sufficiently high. With this in mind, many pool suppliers charge fees on the prizes that the participants receive. Let us remember that there is a safeguard – a minimum balance is always required and is set up to deter malicious stakers.

A significant part of the staking pool requires a low, minimum balance, but this often does not go hand in hand with the extra time in which we could cash out. As a result, joining a pool rather than ‘playing solo’ can be an very attractive solution for those who are just starting to become involved in this form of making money.

What is cold staking?

Cold staking is a process in a wallet that runs without Internet access, just like the ‘cold wallet’. When you stake crypto coins, they are frozen in your wallet. If your wallet is connected to a blockchain network, it is called a hot wallet because it is connected to the internet and becomes vulnerable to attacks. The cold staking process can be done by, i.e using a hardware wallet. It is interesting to note that you can get this effect when when using an air gap wallet. The average reward you can expect with this method is around 2%.

Networks that support "cold staking" provide the opportunity to stake crypto while ensuring that your funds are safely stored offline, howerver it should be noted that this pertains only to users working in cold staking mode. If the stakeholder transfers their assets from their wallet, the reward will automatically be waived. Cold staking is a beneficial method for big players who not only wish to focus on protecting their assets as much as possible, but also want to support the network.

Which cryptocurrencies can be staked?

At present, half of the thousands of cryptocurrencies are based on the Proof of stake algorithm. The most popular of these are listed below:

  • XLM
  • DASH
  • NOW
  • NEO
  • BNB
  • ADA
  • ALGO
  • DOT
  • XLM
  • CELO
  • BTS
  • TRON
  • PIVX
  • NEBL

The DPoS consensus algorithm was developed by Daniel Larimer and the main cryptocurrencies that are based on this technology are:

  • TRX,
  • LUNA
  • EOS,
  • XTZ
  • ICX
  • LISK
  • BAND

Given that blockchain and cryptocurrencies are an extremely original and diverse ecosystem, it should be noted that cryptocurrencies have a high potential to become a stable source of income. Staking is a cheaper and simpler method than mining and the staking pool makes the investment process even easier. For this reason, it is useful to know the above-mentioned terms.

Why is crypto staking worthwhile? Because thanks to it crypto investors can obtain particular digital asset. Moreover, crypto staking is also worth looking into, as it builds passive income. It is also worth noting that anyone can stake cryptocurrency and thus acquire potentially more lucrative staking rewards than any bank deposit can offer – and all that at a low minimum amount. Crypto staking is currently one of the most interesting financial solutions in the new technologies sector.

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What is Berachain? 🐻 ⛓️ + Proof-of-Liquidity Explained

Karolina

18 Mar 2024
What is Berachain? 🐻 ⛓️ + Proof-of-Liquidity Explained

Enter Berachain: a high-performance, EVM-compatible blockchain that is set to redefine the landscape of decentralized applications (dApps) and blockchain services. Built on the innovative Proof-of-Liquidity consensus and leveraging the robust Polaris framework alongside the CometBFT consensus engine, Berachain is poised to offer an unprecedented blend of efficiency, security, and user-centric benefits. Let's dive into what makes it a groundbreaking development in the blockchain ecosystem.

What is Berachain?

Overview

Berachain is an EVM-compatible Layer 1 (L1) blockchain that stands out through its adoption of the Proof-of-Liquidity (PoL) consensus mechanism. Designed to address the critical challenges faced by decentralized networks. It introduces a cutting-edge approach to blockchain governance and operations.

Key Features

  • High-performance Capabilities. Berachain is engineered for speed and scalability, catering to the growing demand for efficient blockchain solutions.
  • EVM Compatibility. It supports all Ethereum tooling, operations, and smart contract languages, making it a seamless transition for developers and projects from the Ethereum ecosystem.
  • Proof-of-Liquidity.This novel consensus mechanism focuses on building liquidity, decentralizing stake, and aligning the interests of validators and protocol developers.

MUST READ: Docs

EVM-Compatible vs EVM-Equivalent

EVM-Compatible

EVM compatibility means a blockchain can interact with Ethereum's ecosystem to some extent. It can interact supporting its smart contracts and tools but not replicating the entire EVM environment.

EVM-Equivalent

An EVM-equivalent blockchain, on the other hand, aims to fully replicate Ethereum's environment. It ensures complete compatibility and a smooth transition for developers and users alike.

Berachain's Position

Berachain can be considered an "EVM-equivalent-plus" blockchain. It supports all Ethereum operations, tooling, and additional functionalities that optimize for its unique Proof-of-Liquidity and abstracted use cases.

Berachain Modular First Approach

At the heart of Berachain's development philosophy is the Polaris EVM framework. It's a testament to the blockchain's commitment to modularity and flexibility. This approach allows for the easy separation of the EVM runtime layer, ensuring that Berachain can adapt and evolve without compromising on performance or security.

Proof Of Liquidity Overview

High-Level Model Objectives

  • Systemically Build Liquidity. By enhancing trading efficiency, price stability, and network growth, Berachain aims to foster a thriving ecosystem of decentralized applications.
  • Solve Stake Centralization. The PoL consensus works to distribute stake more evenly across the network, preventing monopolization and ensuring a decentralized, secure blockchain.
  • Align Protocols and Validators. Berachain encourages a symbiotic relationship between validators and the broader protocol ecosystem.

Proof-of-Liquidity vs Proof-of-Stake

Unlike traditional Proof of Stake (PoS), which often leads to stake centralization and reduced liquidity, Proof of Liquidity (PoL) introduces mechanisms to incentivize liquidity provision and ensure a fairer, more decentralized network. Berachain separates the governance token (BGT) from the chain's gas token (BERA) and incentives liquidity through BEX pools. Berachain's PoL aims to overcome the limitations of PoS, fostering a more secure and user-centric blockchain.

Berachain EVM and Modular Approach

Polaris EVM

Polaris EVM is the cornerstone of Berachain's EVM compatibility, offering developers an enhanced environment for smart contract execution that includes stateful precompiles and custom modules. This framework ensures that Berachain not only meets but exceeds the capabilities of the traditional Ethereum Virtual Machine.

CometBFT

The CometBFT consensus engine underpins Berachain's network, providing a secure and efficient mechanism for transaction verification and block production. By leveraging the principles of Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT), CometBFT ensures the integrity and resilience of the Berachain blockchain.

Conclusion

Berachain represents a significant leap forward in blockchain technology, combining the best of Ethereum's ecosystem with innovative consensus mechanisms and a modular development approach. As the blockchain landscape continues to evolve, Berachain stands out as a promising platform for developers, users, and validators alike, offering a scalable, efficient, and inclusive environment for decentralized applications and services.

Resources

For those interested in exploring further, a wealth of resources is available, including the Berachain documentation, GitHub repository, and community forums. It offers a compelling vision for the future of blockchain technology, marked by efficiency, security, and community-driven innovation.

FAQ

How is Berachain different?

  • It integrates Proof-of-Liquidity to address stake centralization and enhance liquidity, setting it apart from other blockchains.

Is Berachain EVM-compatible?

  • Yes, it supports Ethereum's tooling and smart contract languages, facilitating easy migration of dApps.

Can it handle high transaction volumes?

  • Yes, thanks to the Polaris framework and CometBFT consensus engine, it's built for scalability and high throughput.

Different Token Release Schedules

Kajetan Olas

15 Mar 2024
Different Token Release Schedules

As simple as it may sound, the decision on the release schedule of tokens is anything but that. It's a strategic choice that can have significant consequences. A well-thought-out token release schedule can prevent market flooding, encourage steady growth, and foster trust in the project. Conversely, a poorly designed schedule may lead to rapid devaluation or loss of investor confidence.

In this article, we will explore the various token release schedules that blockchain projects may adopt. Each type comes with its own set of characteristics, challenges, and strategic benefits. From the straightforwardness of linear schedules to the incentive-driven dynamic releases, understanding these mechanisms is crucial for all crypto founders.

Linear Token Release Schedule

The linear token release schedule is perhaps the most straightforward approach to token distribution. As the name suggests, tokens are released at a constant rate over a specified period until all tokens are fully vested. This approach is favored for its simplicity and ease of understanding, which can be an attractive feature for investors and project teams alike.

Characteristics

  • Predictability: The linear model provides a clear and predictable schedule that stakeholders can rely on. This transparency is often appreciated as it removes any uncertainty regarding when tokens will be available.
  • Implementation Simplicity: With no complex rules or conditions, a linear release schedule is relatively easy to implement and manage. It avoids the need for intricate smart contract programming or ongoing adjustments.
  • Neutral Incentives: There is no explicit incentive for early investment or late participation. Each stakeholder is treated equally, regardless of when they enter the project. This can be perceived as a fair distribution method, as it does not disproportionately reward any particular group.

Implications

  • Capital Dilution Risk: Since tokens are released continuously at the same rate, there's a potential risk that the influx of new tokens into the market could dilute the value, particularly if demand doesn't keep pace with the supply.
  • Attracting Continuous Capital Inflow: A linear schedule may face challenges in attracting new investors over time. Without the incentive of increasing rewards or scarcity over time, sustaining investor interest solely based on project performance can be a test of the project's inherent value and market demand.
  • Neutral Impact on Project Commitment: The lack of timing-based incentives means that commitment to the project may not be influenced by the release schedule. The focus is instead placed on the project's progress and delivery on its roadmap.

In summary, a linear token release schedule offers a no-frills, equal-footing approach to token distribution. While its simplicity is a strength, it can also be a limitation, lacking the strategic incentives that other models offer. In the next sections, we will compare this to other, more dynamic schedules that aim to provide additional strategic advantages.

Growing Token Release Schedule

A growing token release schedule turns the dial up on token distribution as time progresses. This schedule is designed to increase the number of tokens released to the market or to stakeholders with each passing period. This approach can often be associated with incentivizing the sustained growth of the project by rewarding long-term holders.

Characteristics

  • Incentivized Patience: A growing token release schedule encourages stakeholders to remain invested in the project for longer periods, as the reward increases over time. This can be particularly appealing to long-term investors who are looking to maximize their gains.
  • Community Reaction: Such a schedule may draw criticism from those who prefer immediate, high rewards and may be viewed as unfairly penalizing early adopters who receive fewer tokens compared to those who join later. The challenge is to balance the narrative to maintain community support.
  • Delayed Advantage: There is a delayed gratification aspect to this schedule. Early investors might not see an immediate substantial benefit, but they are part of a strategy that aims to increase value over time, aligning with the project’s growth.

Implications

  • Sustained Capital Inflow: By offering higher rewards later, a project can potentially sustain and even increase its capital inflow as the project matures. This can be especially useful in supporting long-term development and operational goals.
  • Potential for Late-Stage Interest: As the reward for holding tokens grows over time, it may attract new investors down the line, drawn by the prospect of higher yields. This can help to maintain a steady interest in the project throughout its lifecycle.
  • Balancing Perception and Reality: Managing the community's expectations is vital. The notion that early participants are at a disadvantage must be addressed through clear communication about the long-term vision and benefits.

In contrast to a linear schedule, a growing token release schedule adds a strategic twist that favors the longevity of stakeholder engagement. It's a model that can create a solid foundation for future growth but requires careful communication and management to keep stakeholders satisfied. Up next, we will look at the shrinking token release schedule, which applies an opposite approach to distribution.

Shrinking Token Release Schedule

The shrinking token release schedule is characterized by a decrease in the number of tokens released as time goes on. This type of schedule is intended to create a sense of urgency and reward early participants with higher initial payouts.

Characteristics

  • Early Bird Incentives: The shrinking schedule is crafted to reward the earliest adopters the most, offering them a larger share of tokens initially. This creates a compelling case for getting involved early in the project's lifecycle.
  • Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): This approach capitalizes on the FOMO effect, incentivizing potential investors to buy in early to maximize their rewards before the release rate decreases.
  • Decreased Inflation Over Time: As fewer tokens are released into circulation later on, the potential inflationary pressure on the token's value is reduced. This can be an attractive feature for investors concerned about long-term value erosion.

Implications

  • Stimulating Early Adoption: By offering more tokens earlier, projects may see a surge in initial capital inflow, providing the necessary funds to kickstart development and fuel early-stage growth.
  • Risk of Decreased Late-Stage Incentives: As the reward diminishes over time, there's a risk that new investors may be less inclined to participate, potentially impacting the project's ability to attract capital in its later stages.
  • Market Perception and Price Dynamics: The market must understand that the shrinking release rate is a deliberate strategy to encourage early investment and sustain the token's value over time. However, this can lead to challenges in maintaining interest as the release rate slows, requiring additional value propositions.

A shrinking token release schedule offers an interesting dynamic for projects seeking to capitalize on early market excitement. While it can generate significant early support, the challenge lies in maintaining momentum as the reward potential decreases. This necessitates a robust project foundation and continued delivery of milestones to retain stakeholder interest.

Dynamic Token Release Schedule

A dynamic token release schedule represents a flexible and adaptive approach to token distribution. Unlike static models, this schedule can adjust the rate of token release based on specific criteria. Example criteria are: project’s milestones, market conditions, or the behavior of token holders. This responsiveness is designed to offer a balanced strategy that can react to the project's needs in real-time.

Characteristics

  • Adaptability: The most significant advantage of a dynamic schedule is its ability to adapt to changing circumstances. This can include varying the release rate to match market demand, project development stages, or other critical factors.
  • Risk Management: By adjusting the flow of tokens in response to market conditions, a dynamic schedule can help mitigate certain risks. For example: inflation, token price volatility, and the impact of market manipulation.
  • Stakeholder Alignment: This schedule can be structured to align incentives with the project's goals. This means rewarding behaviors that contribute to project's longevity, such as holding tokens for certain periods or participating in governance.

Implications

  • Balancing Supply and Demand: A dynamic token release can fine-tune the supply to match demand, aiming to stabilize the token price. This can be particularly effective in avoiding the boom-and-bust cycles that plague many cryptocurrency projects.
  • Investor Engagement: The flexibility of a dynamic schedule keeps investors engaged, as the potential for reward can change in line with project milestones and success markers, maintaining a sense of involvement and investment in the project’s progression.
  • Complexity and Communication: The intricate nature of a dynamic schedule requires clear and transparent communication with stakeholders to ensure understanding of the system. The complexity also demands robust technical implementation to execute the varying release strategies effectively.

Dynamic token release schedule is a sophisticated tool that, when used judiciously, offers great flexibility in navigating unpredictable crypto markets. It requires a careful balance of anticipation, reaction, and communication but also gives opportunity to foster project’s growth.

Conclusion

A linear token release schedule is the epitome of simplicity and fairness, offering a steady and predictable path. The growing schedule promotes long-term investment and project loyalty, potentially leading to sustained growth. In contrast, the shrinking schedule seeks to capitalize on the enthusiasm of early adopters, fostering a vibrant initial ecosystem. Lastly, the dynamic schedule stands out for its intelligent adaptability, aiming to strike a balance between various stakeholder interests and market forces.

The choice of token release schedule should not be made in isolation; it must consider the project's goals, the nature of its community, the volatility of the market, and the overarching vision of the creators.

FAQ

What are the different token release schedules?

  • Linear, growing, shrinking, and dynamic schedules.

How does a linear token release schedule work?

  • Releases tokens at a constant rate over a specified period.

What is the goal of a shrinking token release schedule?

  • Rewards early adopters with more tokens and decreases over time.